Dynamic land use and land cover changes and their effect on forest resources in a coastal village of Matemwe,Zanzibar, Tanzania

Recent land cover change estimates show overall decline of tropical forests at the regional and global scales caused by multiple social, cultural and economic factors. There is an overall concern on the prevailing land use practices, such as shifting cultivation and extraction of forest materials as agents of forests losses, but also new, emerging land uses are threatening tropical forests. Understanding of the long-term development and driving forces of forest changes are needed, especially at local levels where many decisions on forest policies and land uses are made. This paper addresses the importance of such information for improved estimates of forest dynamics by studying local level land cover and land use changes during the last 50–70 years in the Eastern African tropical island of Zanzibar, Tanzania. The paper discusses the role of traditional and new land uses mainly subsistence farming, tourism and government interference through tree planting, in the long-term development of the forests at the village level. The material for the study is gathered from the interpretation of archival maps and aerial photographs combined with contemporary digital aerial photographs. The analyses are based on the mapping, spatial sampling and spatio-temporal change trajectory analysis (LCTA) of forest land cover, forest land uses and settlement patterns with GIS and statistics. Six distinct forest land cover change trajectories were identified and these illustrate dynamic and heterogeneous nature of the forests. Closed forest cover has dominated throughout due to cyclical land use patterns, but over 70% of the land area has been continuously transforming between closed, semi-open and open land cover conditions. Land use turnover rates indicate that hardly any forest areas are left untouched from the forces, which remove and re-establish forest vegetation in the long run. Land cover and land use change trajectories are spatially fragmented in the studied landscape. Majority of forest loss-gain dynamics is caused by shifting cultivation, while forest losses are most dramatic along the coast, where traditional and new land uses meet and land uses pressures are highest. The study suggests that landscape change trajectory analyses, where contemporary and historical information on land uses and land cover changes are spatially linked, can provide valuable aspects into local level forest land use planning and management strategies. For the case study, the findings suggest the following key forest management strategies for consideration: (1) establishment of a protected forest/scrubland in participation with the local stakeholders, especially the farmers, (2) promotion of areas for permanent agricultural practices, while simultaneously introducing management controls in the traditional slash-and-burn farming areas, and (3) promoting new livelihood opportunities for the farmers, who have traditionally been dependent on forest resources, meanwhile introducing alternatives for fuel wood for cooking.     

高海拔地区TM遥感数据信息的提取与DEM获取研究

本研究以Landsat TM遥感数据为研究对象,以杂谷脑河流域为例,从遥感数据的几何校正、最佳波段选择、图像融合、图像裁剪、土地分类和图像的解译角度进行了处理.之后,将校正后的数据进行了矢量化并得到DEM,在DEM的基础上进行了高程、坡度、坡向方面的分析,得到了有利于LUCC分析的可靠数据.     

基于卫星遥感的东北三省露天秸秆焚烧及其排放研究

[目的]为了解我国东北地区露天秸秆焚烧及其排放情况,为东北地区秸秆资源综合利用、环境质量改善提供依据。[方法]基于MODIS卫星数据、GFASv1排放清单数据及土地利用数据,采用上下文算法及空间统计方法对东北三省2015~2017年秸秆焚烧火点及PM_(2.5)排放时空分布特征进行了分析。[结果]东北三省秸秆焚烧主要集中在黑龙江省西南部和东北部、吉林省的中西部以及辽宁省中部地区;2015~2017年东北三省共计1.871 8万个露天秸秆焚烧火点,PM_(2.5)排放总量为17.3万t,火点最多的年份为2017年,排放量最大的年份为2015年,东北三省中黑龙江省火点最多,排放量最大,占比分别为71.9%和73.3%;东北地区年内各月秸秆焚烧火点及PM_(2.5)排放在春(3~4月)、秋(10~11月)两季最为明显,呈双峰分布,春季火点数及排放量多于秋季,且呈春季增加、秋季减少趋势。[结论]东北地区秸秆资源综合利用量有了一定的提高,秋季禁烧工作成效明显,春季秸秆禁烧工作有待加强。     

一种利用压缩感知改进的PMF-FFT扩频捕获算法

为了实现直接序列扩频（DSSS）信号快速捕获的同时降低数据量和硬件资源消耗，引入了压缩感知理论改进部分匹配滤波-快速傅里叶变换（PMF-FFT）算法，提出了基于压缩感知改进的部分匹配滤波-快速傅里叶变换（CSPMF-FFT）算法。该算法将PMF-FFT算法与压缩感知理论相结合，先对信号进行稀疏性分析和压缩观测，然后从少量压缩观测值中重构信号，并利用输出的峰值信息估算信号的多普勒频移和码相位，从而实现捕获。理论分析和仿真实验表明，相较于PMF-FFT捕获算法，CSPMF-FFT算法能在成功完成捕获的同时有效地减少相关器的数目和FFT变换的运算量，从而降低系统数据量和硬件资源压力，为基于压缩感知的扩频信号处理技术研究奠定了基础。     

基于无速率码的遥感数据自适应传输技术

基于自适应编码调制的遥感数据传输方案实现了传输速率阶梯式换挡，但未能充分利用链路余量。为进一步提高遥感卫星数据传输过程中的频谱效率，提出了基于无速率码的遥感数据自适应传输技术。将无速率码与QPSK、8PSK、16QAM、64QAM调制方式结合，通过设定译码成功概率阈值得到离散信噪比下的最佳译码开销和最佳码率值。采用多项式拟合求得卫星过境期间码率值的变化情况，进而得到有效数据率变化曲线，实现了遥感卫星过境时段内有效数据率随仰角的无缝切换。通过求解有效数据率曲线的积分值，得到了采用联合译码算法的Raptor码在4种方案下的传输数据量。分析结果表明，与第二代数字卫星电视广播标准（DVB-S2）中的自适应编码调制方案相比，所提出的传输方案使传输数据量提高了10.29%~27.65%，且在信噪比低至-5 dB的情况下也可以进行数据自适应传输。     

分布式光纤传感器在油田水井注入剖面监测中的应用

目前油田常用的注入剖面监测方法存在施工周期长、井况适应性差、有污染等缺点。为了寻找新的注入剖面监测方法，采用分布式光纤温度传感系统（DTS）监测注水过程的井温变化情况，通过井温变化斜率定性分析各层注入量的大小。采用分布式声波传感系统（DAS）监测注水过程中井下的振动情况，根据振动能量分析，定位各配水器准确位置，并估算注入量大小。根据试验结果DTS和DAS系统可用于注入剖面的快速监测和估算，利于油田方更实时且准确的掌握注入剖面情况。     

新时期中国城市绿地管理方式的现状、 问题及建议

当前中国城市绿地资源日益丰富，绿地建设由单纯 的规模扩张转向扩容提质并举的新时期，城市绿地发展开始向 提升城市生态文明、改善居民生活质量的目标转变。在全面分 析了当前我国现行绿地管理中城市绿线划定、行业指标管理、 绿地系统规划、遥感调查与测评几种常用方式方法的现状、问 题及彼此的耦合关系之后，进一步提出我国城市绿地管控需首 要解决城市绿地资源价值化评估的关键科学问题，同时提出城 市绿地管控需结合大数据向精细化和智慧化发展，行业指标体 系需进一步从空间和指标内涵上进行扩充等具体建议，为切实 提升我国城市绿地管理水平提供重要参考。     

The impact of exurban development on forested areas in Kurgan City,Russia

Exurban communities—a significant form of urban sprawl—can transform natural land cover. Exurban development refers to an expansion of communities located outside a city and its suburbs. One of the main reasons these settlements develop is a desire by residents to live closer to nature and developers’ recognition of the profitability of addressing this desire. Additionally, exurbs can become prosperous regions settled by people with high income. However, exurban development not only directly affects community patterns, but also species patterns, habitat reduction and disconnection, as well as land cover and land use alterations. The purpose of this paper is a quantitative analysis of the land cover transformation and forest fragmentation in Post-Soviet Russia, based on an empirical case study of the city of Kurgan. This case study also contributes to the overall research of urban sprawl in Russian provinces by adding to the discussion of homeowners’ behavior, regional environmental policies, and their role concerning the impacts of exurban settlements on the natural environment. This paper uses remote sensing imagery, census data, and primary data to analyze land cover change due to the emergence of exurban communities around Kurgan, Russia, with specific emphasis on the changes to native vegetation resulting from human behavior and stakeholder preferences.     

不完美碰撞检测的CSMA/CA协议性能分析

传统中低轨小卫星群的移动自组织网络中，卫星采用半双工载波侦听/碰撞规避协议（Carrier Sensing Multi-access/Collision Avoidance,CSMA/CA）接入控制信道。为避免半双工模式“盲听”对碰撞感知存在的延时，提升接入效率，卫星需要工作在碰撞检测和数据接收同步进行的全双工模式；同时由于卫星通信特点，残余自干扰带来的不完美碰撞检测不可忽略。针对以上需求，设计了一种全双工CSMA/CA协议，对接入流程和参数进行了详细描述；研究了自干扰抑制度和检测门限等与虚警率、漏检率的数学关系；推导了系统吞吐量的解析表达式，并仿真探究了初始竞争窗口长度等参数的优化设计准则。仿真结果表明，通过合理选取参数，该协议能在存有不完美碰撞检测的情况下，实现吞吐量的提升。     

基于压缩感知的直扩通信多音干扰抑制

针对直扩通信多音干扰抑制算法应用受限于采样率较高的问题,在分别构建信号和干扰稀疏字典的基础上,利用正交匹配追踪算法,设计了一种压缩域直扩通信多音干扰抑制算法,并通过理论分析和计算机仿真验证了算法的有效性。仿真结果表明,在已知干扰稀疏度的条件下,该方法能够有效抑制多音干扰,干扰抑制效果不随干扰数量、干扰强度变化而变化,在压缩率为1/2、干信比为20 dB的条件下重构信号与加性高斯白噪声信道中传输信号解调性能相比只有约5 dB的信噪比损失。这将为在多音干扰条件下压缩采样后直扩信号的重构提供一种有效方法。